The History of the Alcatraz Prison

Once considered the prison of American prisons, the island of Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay has been an asset to the U.S. Army, the federal prison system, jailhouse folklore, and the historical evolution of the West Coast. Despite its reputation as a cold and unforgiving penitentiary, Alcatraz is now one of the most prominent tourist magnets in San Francisco. In 1775, Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala chartered what is now San Francisco Bay. He called the 22-acre rocky island La Isla de los Alcatraces, meaning Island of the Pelicans. With no vegetation or habitation, Alcatraz was little more than a desolate islet occupied by the occasional swarm of birds. Under the English-speaking influence, the name Alcatraces became Alcatraz. ThoughtCo / Bailey Mariner Fort Alcatraz Alcatraz was reserved for military use under President Millard Fillmore in 1850. Meanwhile, the discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada Mountains brought growth and prosperity to San Francisco. The lure of the Gold Rush demanded the protection of California as gold seekers flooded the San Francisco Bay. In response, the U.S. Army built a fortress on the rocky face of Alcatraz. They made plans to install more than 100 cannons, making Alcatraz the most heavily armed entity on the West Coast. The first functional lighthouse on the West Coast was built on Alcatraz Island as well. Once fully equipped with weaponry in 1859, the island was deemed Fort Alcatraz. Having never fired its own weapons in combat, Fort Alcatraz quickly evolved from an island of defense to an island of detention. In the early 1860s, civilians arrested for treason during the Civil War were housed on the island. With the influx of prisoners, additional living quarters were built to house 500 men. Alcatraz as a jail would continue for 100 years. Throughout history, the average population of the island hovered between 200 and 300 people, never at maximum capacity. The Rock After the devastating San Francisco earthquake of 1906, inmates from nearby prisons were transferred to the infallible Alcatraz. Over the next five years, prisoners built a new jail, designated Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison, Alcatraz Island. Popularly known as The Rock, Alcatraz served as an army disciplinary barracks until 1933. Prisoners were educated and received military and vocational training here. Alcatraz of the early 20th century was a minimum-security prison. Prisoners spent their days working and learning. Some were even employed as babysitters for the families of prison officers. They eventually built a baseball field and inmates fashioned their own baseball uniforms. Boxing matches among inmates known as â€Å"Alcatraz Fights† were hosted on Friday nights. Prison life played a role in the changing landscape of the island. The military transported soil to Alcatraz from nearby Angel Island, and many prisoners were trained as gardeners. They planted roses, bluegrass, poppies, and lilies. Under the order of the U.S. Army, Alcatraz was a fairly mild institution and its accommodations were favorable. The geographic location of Alcatraz was the undoing of U.S. Army occupation. Importing food and supplies to the island was much too expensive. The Great Depression of the 1930s forced the army off the island, and the prisoners were transferred to institutes in Kansas and New Jersey. Uncle Sam’s Devil’s Island Alcatraz was obtained by the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1934. The former military detention center became America’s first maximum-security civilian penitentiary. This â€Å"prison system’s prison† was specifically designed to house the most horrendous prisoners, the troublemakers that other federal prisons could not successfully detain. Its isolated location made it ideal for the exile of hardened criminals, and a strict daily routine taught inmates to follow prison rule and regulation. The Great Depression witnessed some of the most heinous criminal activity in modern American history, and Alcatraz’s severity was well suited to its time. Alcatraz was home to notorious criminals including Al â€Å"Scarface† Capone, who was convicted of tax evasion and spent five years on the island. Alvin â€Å"Creepy† Karpis, the FBI’s first â€Å"Public Enemy,† was a 28-year resident of Alcatraz. The most famous prisoner was Alaskan murderer Robert â€Å"Birdman† Stroud, who spent 17 years on Alcatraz. Over its 29 years of operation, the federal prison housed more than 1,500 convicts. Daily life in the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary was harsh. Prisoners were given four rights. They included medical attention, shelter, food, and clothing. Recreational activities and family visits had to be earned through hard work. Punishments for bad behavior included hard labor, wearing a 12-pound ball and chain, and lock-downs where prisoners were kept in solitary confinement, restricted to bread and water. There was a total of 14 escape attempts by over 30 prisoners. Most were caught, several were shot, and a few were swallowed by the chilling swells of the San Francisco Bay. Why Did Alcatraz Close? The prison on Alcatraz Island was expensive to operate, as all supplies had to be brought in by boat. The island had no source of fresh water, and almost one million gallons were shipped in each week. Building a high-security prison elsewhere was more affordable for the Federal Government, and as of 1963 â€Å"Uncle Sam’s Devil’s Island† was no more. Today, the equivalent of the infamous federal prison on Alcatraz Island is a maximum-security institution in Florence, Colorado. It is nicknamed â€Å"Alcatraz of the Rockies†. Tourism Alcatraz Island became a national park in 1972 and is considered part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Open to the public in 1973, Alcatraz sees more than one million visitors from across the globe each year. Alcatraz is best known as a maximum-security prison. Media attention and fantastic stories have exaggerated this image. The San Francisco Bay islet has been much more than this. Alcatraz as a mass of rock named for its birds, an American fort during the Gold Rush, an army barracks, and tourist attraction may be less enticing but allude to a more dynamic existence. It is one to be embraced by San Francisco and California as a whole.

Research Proposal Anorexia Nervosa - 6654 Words

PSYCHOLOGY LIB401 RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC: ANOREXIA NERVOSA CONTENTS |No. | |PAGE | | |CONTENT | | |1 |INTRODUCTION |3 | |2 |LITERATURE REVIEW |16 | |3 |METHODOLOGY |21 | |4†¦show more content†¦Female anorexics will lose their periods (amenorrhea) unless they are medically forced.[6] The vast majority of anorexics are women, usually in their adolescent or young adult years. It is thought that between 1% and 2% of women between the ages of 10 and 20 are anorexic. However, anorexia can affect girls as young as 6 and women as old as 76 as well as pregnant women. Men can also become anorexics, although they are few in number. Male anorexia is subject to the same consequences as female anorexia. It is thought that about 5% of all anorexics are male. Anorexia usually hits after a major life change. Usually, anorexia symptoms begin before puberty or just after. It can also occur after episodes of stress, including physical or sexual abuse, change in schools, having an abortion, divorce, loss of a job, or when children leave the home. Anorexia is a chronic illness that will become worse if treatment is not received. Without treatment, about 20% of chronic anorexics will die. However, treatment for anorexia is highly effective and can help you to overcome the disorder and lead a happy and fulfilling life. In fact, only 2% of treated anorexics succumb to the illness. [7] 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES †¢ To study what cause anorexia nervosa. †¢ To identify who are inclined to be anorexic †¢ To examine the effect of anorexia nervosa to family institution, society, etc. †¢ To identifyShow MoreRelatedProposal for Evidence Based Practice Paper for Anorexia Nervosa in Teenagers2153 Words   |  9 PagesProposal for Evidence Based Practice Paper Michelle A. 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Many studies are now conducting research concerning eating disorders on adolescents who are anywhere from age 6 to 18. One study conducted using middle school-aged participants showed that more than 40% of participants wanted to lose weight and/or felt that they looked fat to others (ChildressRead MoreEssay on Attachment Styles and Eating Disorders1833 Words   |  8 Pageshas been seen in the last three decades. Eat ing disorders are prevalent among young women but also include some young men as well. The studies used for this review pertained to women only. Researchers have demonstrated the correlation between anorexia nervosa and bulimia in regards to attachment styles in many instances. This review of the literature on attachment styles and eating disorders focuses on the following six items. 1. How did the investigators measure the topic of attachment styles and

Sexuality of Men and Women A Comparison Free Essays

The perceived views of men s and women s sexuality have been the subject of great speculation and conflict. Although great strides have been made over the years in the sexual â€Å"revolution†, the basic views of male and female sexuality have remained the same. Throughout history the ideas of proper sexuality for men and women have changed little. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexuality of Men and Women: A Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Men have always been portrayed as the aggressive pursuer of a woman’s sexual favors. Women, in turn, have been required by society to diligently preserve their honor outside of the marital bed. Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† offers a good example of the game-like behavior that has become almost expected of a man and woman in society. The narrator beseeches his Lady to â€Å"sport us while we may like amorous birds of prey†. The Lady on the other hand, flirts casually and spurns the narrator’s advances. Women are praised highly for their virtue and honor in keeping their virginity for the institution of marriage. Even though it is perfectly acceptable for a man to attempt for and even acquire the sexual favors of a woman it is a social sin and in some areas a crime for a woman to succumb to her sexual desires outside of marriage. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, Hester Prynne is ostracized by her community for having an extra-marital affair. Her punishment condemns her for her adultery and assures her a lifetime of humiliation. Many societies have gone through great lengths over the centuries to ensure fidelity or virginity in women. In the Middle Ages, women were often forced to wear chastity belts to ensure their virtue was kept intact while men were away at war or some other manly undertaking. In some countries, women are forced to cover every inch of their bodies in an effort to avoid the advances of other men. The narrator in Amy Lowells Patterns speaks of her passion that wars against the stiff brocade of her dress, the very heavy and unrevealing style of the era in which the poem is set. She laments the death of her betrothed as they were to be wed in a month and, as she felt bound by the dress, he was to have freed her from it. This poem also illustrates how the narrator, as many women in the past, did not consider it proper to succumb to her passions before marriage. Men on the other hand have often been revered for their sexual prowess. Kings often kept concubines, or mistresses. In some countries, it is acceptable for a man to have many wives. Sexual conquest has become almost a gauge by which manhood is tested. Men are often bombarded by peer pressure to become sexually active at an early age. Seen as a rite of passage by many men, they begin their pursuit of women before they are even capable of reproduction. In Stevie Smith s The Frog Prince, the narrator speaks of his being happy the way he is but he feels that it is required of him to have a girl. Changing times have allowed people to become a little more open in expressing their sexuality. However, more often than not, most men and women tend to conform themselves to expectations that remain the same even in today s society. How to cite Sexuality of Men and Women: A Comparison, Essay examples

Cree vs Iroquois free essay sample

The Iroquois Indians were a tribe headed primarily by the females in the group, yet they conquered many lands because of their extremely unified tauter. The Cree Indians were a more nomadic group who had individual bands, each headed by a male chief. Although the Iroquois families were headed by women, they had a political council (handpicked by the women) comprised of 50 male sachems known as peace chiefs, while the Cree had less political organization and conquered lands strictly by being aggressive and warlike.The Iroquois tribes are a relatively small group, while the Cree Indian Nation is one of the largest. Possibly as a result of these great difference in their numbers, the Iroquois participated with the Europeans in lattice issues while the Cree integrated the French into their own society. The original home of the Iroquois Indian was upstate New York, between the Adirondack Mountains and Niagara Falls. They then migrated and conquered lands and gained control over most of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. In 1 680 their lands extended west from the north shore of Chesapeake Bay through Kentucky to the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The American invasion of their homelands in 1779 sent many of the Iroquois into southern Ontario where they remain to this day, ND today, roughly half of the Iroquois population lives in Canada. The Iroquois are, arguably, the most important native group in our North American history. Their society was primarily matriarchal with the women owing all property.The Iroquois were divided into three clans which were the turtle, bear and wolf, with each clan being headed by a clan mother. When a marriage occurred, the man moved into the womans home, and their children became members of the mothers clan. The Iroquois can be considered the first example of feminist liberty, and in 1914, only six years before the first national election in which women had the vote, the following was published in Exemplar of Liberty. (Six Nations p. 1). Savagery to Civilization We the women of the Iroquois Own the Land, the Lodge the Children Ours is the right to adoption, life or death; Ours is the right to raise up and depose chiefs; Ours is the right to representation in all councils Ours is the right to make and abrogate treaties; Ours is the supervision over domestic and foreign policies; Ours is the trusteeship of tribal property; Our lives are valued again as high as a mans. (Six Nations p. 2). The Iroquois depended largely on agriculture for their basic diet. Corn, beans and squash were called Dakota or life supporters. There were six annual agricultural festivals held each year which were full of prayers of gratitude for their harvest. The women owned and took care of the fields while the men left the village in the fall for the annual hunt, returning about midwinter, with Spring being the fishing season. (Iroquois p. 9). The most interesting aspect of the Iroquois Indian remains their political system. Although the numbers of the Iroquois were not that great, and the enemies they routinely defeated were nearly twice their number, the Iroquois prevailed due to their unity, sense of purpose, and superior political organization. The Europeans actually based their political organizations on those of the Iroquois, which had an elaborate system of checks and balances and supreme law. The Iroquois actually had a Constitution which Was recorded with special beads called wampum which served as money in other cultures. This Constitution presumably took place as early as 1 1 00, with many arguing for August 31, 1142, based on a coinciding solar eclipse. (Crystalline During the time the question of Independence was being debated (1776), the Iroquois Indian Chiefs were formally invited into the meeting hall of Continental Congress. There was a speech delivered in which they were addressed as Brothers, and told of the delegates wish that the friendship between them would continue as long as the sun shall shine and the waters run. The speech went on to express the hope that the Americans and Iroquois would act as one people and have but one heart. (Six Nations p. 3). Again, this shows that the Iroquois partnered with their American counterparts ether than strictly maintaining their own culture.The Plains Cree lived on the northern edge of the Great Plains in what is known as the Park Belt which is commonly recognized as the transitional area between the forests and plains. The earliest sighting of the Cree Indians by the white man occurred roughly in 1 640 by the Jesuits, and the established first period of contact with the whites was be;en 1690 and 1 740 in which they are depicted as a powerful tribe. Contrarily, the Cree Indians were characterized by the Jesuit priests as being of kind, docile disposition, but such more nomadic than the other tribes.They have no fixed abode, no fields, no villages, living upon hunting and a little wild rice which they gather in swampy places. This account by the Jesuits contrasts with other accounts of the Ceres being very aggressive and prone to unprovoked attacks and wars. The Jesuit priests noted that the Cree Indians were notoriously difficult to convert to Christianity as they were very nomadic. Today, the Cree Indians are mostly settled on twenty-four small reserves in Saskatchewan and Alberta, and one reserve in Montana, and number some 200,000. Each band of theCree was headed by a leading chief, who determin ed how cohesive the group was by his strength as a leader. An influential leader attracted more families and held their allegiance better than a weaker man. (Mandela p. 7). The Cree Indians, contrary to the farming Iroquois, depended largely on trapping and hunting buffalo. The Cree carried out their commerce with the Hudson Bay Company, exchanging buffalo hides, furs and pemmican for the items they needed in return. The buffalo hunting is likely what brought the Cree Indians into the plains, and set their migratory path as it coincided with he migration of the buffalo.Unfortunately, in the 1 asss the Canadian government re-engineered over three million acres of Cree Indian land for the construction of a hydroelectric dam. This has literally destroyed much of the Manitoba Cree rivers, leading one of the elders to state that They poured filth over the clean dish I once had (Mandela p. 9). In conclusion, with all the many differences between the two tribes, the Iroquois people, being a much smaller tribe, allowed themselves to be assimilated into the American and Canadian traditions and language, while roving invaluable contributions to our current democratic system.